| Poverty
Reduction Practices
Slum Improvement Project in Dhaka Metropolitan City - Bangladesh
Dhaka is one of the fastest growing mega-cities in the world. Slums
pose one of the biggest problems of the city. Around 12 per cent
of the total population of the Dhaka city live in slum areas, which
are very densely populated with a population density of 750 people
per hectare. These areas have few or no basic utility services,
including portable water, sanitation, drainage, etc. Slum Improvement
Project (SIP) under the Local Government Engineering Department
(LGED) was established in 1985 in five municipalities to address
the social and environmental problems affecting slum dwellers.
Through Slum Improvement Project (SIP) participatory approach, the
Local Authority has made a breakthrough in providing an integrated
package of basic physical, social and economic infrastructure services
to the urban poor. Of all SIP components, the micro-credit program
has been found to be particularly successful and most attractive.
Many poor households have increased their income using this facility.
The SIP has significantly raised levels of awareness particularly
in health and sanitation among slum dwellers, resulting in significant
reductions in the incidence of numerous diseases. The SIP has empowered
poor women through community involvement, particularly through the
savings and credit program, thereby realizing the overall status
of women in families and communities.
Contact person: Mr. Quamrul Islam Siddique
Fax: 880-2-813144/826390
Email: ce-lged@bangla.net
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Basket Weavers Housing Project at Coimbatore: The HUDCO
Approach
The project is a rehabilitation scheme for the basket weavers at
Methawar colony in the Coimbatore town of Tamil Nadu State, India.
Originally 97 families were residing on this site of approximately
0.27 ha. of tank bed land belonging to the Coimbatore Corporation.
26 basket weavers' families were resettled consequent to urban renewal
of certain city areas. This settlement increased to 115 basket weavers'
families. The site was in low-lying area with huts situated in disorderly
manner and only approachable through narrow lanes. There was hardly
any work place left for basket weaving and storing of finished products
and raw material that are generally bulky in nature. The land ownership
right was not available to any of the families and, as a result,
no tangible improvements were seen in the settlement. The huts were
predominantly made up of bamboo mats with thatch or tiled roof supported
on bamboo. The sanitation facility provided by the Corporation was
of a dry type community toilet that had also posed problems of maintenance.
HUDCO, a community based housing research institute, adopted a compact
low-rise high density development with common community weaving
space to sustain economic activity for 'basket weavers' society.
The affordability was ensured through adaptation of Cost Effective
Building Technology cutting down the cost by nearly 20%. The design
takes into account the provision of a day care centre to enable
the basket weavers to leave their children in Day care centre, aiding
economic activity and income generation. Tangible improvement in
people's living conditions was achieved and basket weavers have
secure land tenure.
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Promoting Full Citizenship for Overcoming Poverty, Venezuela
This program is aimed at providing alternatives for development
of the poor population at Maraciabio city-slum, which is located
on the city border, with 78% inadequate houses and 97% without running
water. It has been developed on the practice of the local civic
consultations of and creation of a strategic alliance between governmental,
non-governmental and academic actors.
The programme addresses the problem of urban poverty, beginning
with access to housing finance. It increased and democratized access
to credit for housing improvements, facilitated community motivation
and stressed on the importance of saving as fundamental component
in the creation of opportunities.
The program was carried out by agreement among LUZ, PGU-ALC/HABITAT
and the municipality. Innovative programs and policies were developed
to overcome poverty by improving housing, generating employment
and promotion of gender equality.
The program has achieved integration and co-ordination of different
actors. The strategic alliance among partners has produced a change
in their individualistic culture. The community discovered that
its management capacity produced changes in the programme's design
and their decision-making processes. They internalized the importance
of saving and the improvement of their houses.
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Bioremediation of Sanitary Landfill in Aurá, Belém,
Pará - Brazil
Belem, a city of 1.36 million inhabitants is in the amazon region
of Brazil. For more than 12 years, the urban solid waste of Belém?s
metropolitan region has been disposed off without any control in
the landfill of Aurá, with negative environmental impacts
on soil, air and water. Socially excluded scavengers live at the
landfill area, with their children adopting the same means of survival.
Since 1997, the Municipality of Belem, with financial assistance
from national financial institutions, developed the "Biorremediação
do Aurá" to: (i) physically recover the degraded sanitary
landfill; and (ii) construct new housing to meet the needs of the
metropolitan region of Belém through 2020. The goal is to
ensure, through environmental sanitation, the monitoring of domestic,
public and special waste, and to control liquid and gaseous effluents.
The project provides alternative employment to the scavengers and
their families so as to promote social rehabilitation and integration
of children. This includes the organisation of co-operatives, training
and the enrolment of children and adolescents in socio-educational
activities. This contributes to the development of their creativity
and self-esteem. In this regard 400 people work in the waste management
programme while 800 children and youth have benefited from the education
programme.
The participation of the population in public management is important.
It has also enabled the development of strategies to overcome problems
encountered, particularly those of a social nature, since the initiative
engages various population segments as partners, thus restoring
their self-esteem.
Contact: Edmilson Brito Rodrigues
Tel: 55 91 242 3344
Fax: 55 91 225 4540
E-mail: prefeito@cinbesa.com.br
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The Urban Project San Luis-Alameda de Hércules,
Seville, Spain
Seville is the most important urban agglomeration in southern Spain.
It is a political, administrative and service centre and the capital
of the region of Andalucia. The population of the city is 700,000,
while the population of the "Wider Territorial Unit" is
around 980,000, made up of 11 municipalities. Unemployment in the
city is high at 11.8 percent and it is estimated that 22 percent
of households in the province of Seville are living below the poverty
line. Before the initiation of the Urban Project, the Historical
Centre was in a state of neglect with most buildings showing signs
of advanced aging. The urban infrastructure was ailing and existing
facilities were inadequate or non-functional. Communication networks
were non-existent making this part of the city inaccessible. Social
and economic problems including high illiteracy and unemployment,
homelessness and drug addiction slowed down the development of this
area and affected the overall development of the city.
The main objective of the Urban Project of Seville has been revitalisation
of three neighbourhoods in the north sector of Seville's Historical
Centre that occupy more than 10 percent of the city's total area.
Civic participation was fundamental to the success of the project
and this was achieved through the Urban Social Centre, an advisory
organ involving the participation of 64 civic associations. Over
forty public spaces have been rehabilitated in addition to the construction
of three social facilities. The economic sector has been revamped
with a career development and advice centre helping to retrain more
than 1,200 people and to establish 56 new companies. All this was
possible through the coordination of the different municipalities
involved in the programme and through lessons learned from other
European cities with similar projects.
Contact: María Victoria Bustamante Sainz
Tel: 34- 95 448 02 41
Fax: 34- 95 448 02 93
email: urbansev@urbanismo-sevilla-org
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Dana Nature Reserve Integrated Management Programme, Jordan
Dana Nature Reserve Integrated Management Programme primarily links
the conservation of biodiversity with the socio-economic development
of target local communities living in and around the Dana protected
area south of Jordan. The people in the Dana Reserve area were among
the poorest and most disadvantaged in Jordan. At the beginning of
the project, there were several thousand people from nomadic and
settled communities using it's natural resources, mostly for hunting
and the grazing of goats and sheep culminating in degraded rangeland,
soil erosion, and almost zero tree regeneration.
Up to date a total of 179 local men and women have benefited directly
from jobs or purchase of goods and services and consequently some
of the Dana households have experienced a 10-fold increase in income
as a result of the Programme. More importantly, the villagers have
started to explore opportunities presented by the growing number
of tourists attracted by the protected area, and are creating home-grown
initiatives which represent a tangible example of the capacity building
within the local community resulting from the Programme's emphasis
on income generation. Further, the ecology of the area is recovering
due to sustainable eco-tourism practices and decreased pressure
on the natural resources as a result of socio-economic benefits
to the people.
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The National Projects for Establishing New Villages in Upper
Egypt, Egypt
The flood calamity that hit South Valley in November 1994 caused
big losses and destruction in human beings, property and cultivated
land. Many had become homeless, especially in Dronka village and
Assuit Governorate. This happened because of unplanned building
and lack of any safety rules. The houses were built using mud or
muddy bricks that caused big losses in human life and the buildings.
The Government took an initiative to put an end to this problem.
Egyptian Armed forces engineering authority began to rebuild south
valley villages and designed many models to adapt planning to these
villages. Financial resources were mobilized by the military. The
initiative resulted in the the formation of 9 New Villages with
3492 housing units being constructed. Over 1200 temporary jobs opportunities
were created benefiting the local community.
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Community Recycling of Domestic Waste by Women, Senegal
The Set-Setal settlement in Dakar, Senegal, has a population of
45,000. Before the initiative began, the Municipal services could
only collect 35% of the 263 cubic metres of waste produced per day,
while 51% of households had no toilet facilities and 76% had no
convenient systems to process used waste-water which was consequently
poured onto the streets. Unemployment rate for men was 28.6% and
24.1% for women. The settlement had a prevalence of infectious diseases
such as typhoid and malaria. This situation was exercerbated by
lack of proponents for urban poverty reduction and absence of skills
training for urban women. There were no working relationships between
the present key partners before the project was initiated.
The objectives of the project were to clean up of the urban environment
through simple processes ranging from the treatment of waste at
home to final elimination or final treatment; generation of income
for women through creation of jobs in waste recycling. The results
of the women's efforts include: regular waste collection, composting
of bio-degradable wastes for use in urban agriculture and tree planting,
recycling of metallic and plastic wastes, job creation for off-springs
of the female headed households, eradication of disease. The initiative
also received the Grand Prize Award of the President of the Republic
of Senegal. The project has since been replicated in other parts
of the country and has been featured as a case study during the
USAID International Seminar on the Study of Impact on the Environment.
Rodale International played the leading role in the implementation
of the initiative, in the identification of the donor, setting up
of the partnership, supervision and subsequent follow-ups. The absence
of such an integrated initiative in the country hence the differences
in origin and status among the partners were the main bottlenecks
at the onset of the project. Yet, that proved to be of tremendous
help insofar as, at first, the initiative was tailored to the needs
and capacities of the participants, and then the diversity of their
origins made it possible to take into account multiple aspects of
it operation (agronomic, sociological, statistical, legal, gender,
etc.)
Voré Gana SECK, Director Diamaguene
Tel: 221 951 10 28
Fax: 221 951 16 70
email: Rodal@sonatel.senet.net
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Programme for the Protection and Clean-up of the Environment
(Pr.A.P.E.), Benin
Cotonou, a city of 1 million inhabitants, is the economic and political
capital of Benin. Before the "Programme Assainissement et Protection
de L'environnement - Pr.A.P.E." began in 1993, indiscriminate
household waste disposal was the rule rather than the exception.
The program involves waste and urban management. Its objective is
to ensure good sanitary conditions in the community of Sainte-Rita
through the sustainable management of household and medical waste
while improving revenue-generating activities. Sainte-Rita is one
of the 24 municipalities of Cotonou with more than 40,000 inhabitants
and a surface area of 3 square kilometers of which half is prone
to flooding. Due to the lack of clear devolution of power, Sainte-Rita
municipality does not have a juridical status to decide on its own
actions and priorities. At the same time the central administration
tends to care more for the city centre to the detriment of peripheral
municipalities.
The community participates in the program as subscribers while
the programme trains and employs youth to collect waste from a total
of 2,700 voluntary subscribers (households and organizations), benefiting
80% of the 40,000 inhabitants of the community. Subscribers pay
monthly fees for garbage collection of which 95% are recovered.
Recyclable plastic and paper are collected by women and sold for
reprocessing; organic material is recycled into compost for the
initiative's farming operations. Currently, garbage collection activities
generate US$ 140,000 per year and professional consulting fees by
Pr.A.P.E.'s administrators generate US$ 125,000. An outgrowth of
this project has been the creation of a community bank whose net
worth is approximately US$ 1,400,000. This credit grant program
was created on the basis of local savings including contributions
from over 1,500 women, and functions without subsidies. It has granted
credits of more than US$ 550,000 to women, youth and other garbage
collection associations in Cotonou. 200 jobs have been created (of
which 85 are taken up by women) within the initiative and 35 permanent
jobs established with the Community Bank whose client base is over
2000. The program is a partnership between the community and their
leaders, the local authority, Government Ministries of the Environment,
of Health and local NGOs and community associations. Other communities
residing in Benin's major urban centres have replicated the program.
Contact person: Mr. Raphaël Edou
Telephone: 00 229 32 11 29
Fax: 00 229 30 19 76
E-mail: bethesda@intnet.bj
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Household Solid Waste Management-Zabbaleen Garbage Collectors,
Egypt
The initiative addresses the issues of household solid waste collection,
disposal and recovery. It has informed, educated and influenced
official government policy and practice to reverse their decision
to evict the urban poor and advocates for them both nationally,
regionally and internationally. The Zabbaleen currently collect
and re-cycle over 600 tonnes of domestic wastes a day or approximately
one-third of the waste produced by the residents of Cairo. The re-cycling
activities, involving hundreds of small-scale enterprises, focus
on, inter alia; the production of affordable consumer goods that
are much appreciated by low-income groups. Revenues generated have
been re-invested in housing, infrastructure and basic services as
well as new business development, including transport. Achievements
of the initiative include:
300 families that were facing eminent eviction have been resettled
and allowed to continue to manage the waste;
90% of the waste is sorted out and recovered for recycling on a
daily basis;
Improvement in the overall health of the above families as a result
of the construction of a dispensary. Other achievements include
creation of job opportunities especially in cottage industries,
introduction of literacy classes and development of technology for
use in recycling.
Mrs. Yousriya N. Loza
Tel: 202- 3414534/ 3033028/ 3015120/299
Fax: 202- 3440201/ 3020277
Email: merian@orascom.com
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Incorporating Philanthropy as an Integral Part of Business,
Kenya
The town of Mombasa is a major port for Eastern Africa and is Kenya's
oldest and second larg est metropolis. Club Sun N' Sand is a private,
family owned beach resort located in Kikambala, a peri-urban area
on Mombasa's North Coast where abject poverty prevails. The per
capita income per day in this area was less than US $ 0.50. By forging
partnerships with the local Ministry of Health, a prominent NGO,
and community-based organizations, the hotel has embarked on a number
of initiatives that are having a substantial impact on improving
the quality of life of the least advantaged in their area.
Through the initiative a revolving fund scheme was introduced in
1998 and residents can access micro-credit to set-up small-scale
businesses and improve productivity on their farms. This micro-financing
initiative has gone a long way to supplement income sources for
staff members at the hotel who usually have on average of 10 dependants.
The hotel has partnered with a local NGO (Aga Khan Foundation) to
afford children in the area cognitive and interactive skills by
introducing a Madrasa. To date over 100 Kikambala children have
benefited from the program. Beneficiaries include girls and boys
aged 3-6. Women with basic education from within the community are
trained as pre-school teachers and involved in the management and
decision-making process of the community through their membership
in the school management committees (SMC). Community members that
serve on the SMC include parents who receive training in early childhood
development issues. In addition Club Sun N' Sand introduced support
projects for a local Primary school (affecting 1,600 students).
Merit based scholarships are available to outstanding students who
otherwise would not have the opportunity to access higher education.
The hotel also installed a reverse-osmosis plant to provide purified
drinking water producing 10,000 litres/day of which only 5,000 litres/day
is needed for the hotel. The remaining water is provided to the
villagers at no cost. In addition, a tap supplying well-water can
be accessed 24 hours/day by the villagers, and this water is used
for bathing and washing purposes. Since this initiative began water-borne
diseases have dropped by almost 50% in the area.
The hotel, local residents, The Kenyan government and a local NGO
(Aga Khan Health Services, Kenya) partnered to provide the technical
and medical support. To date, over 4,000 patients have benefited
who otherwise would have no access to affordable health care in
the area - the nearest health care centre is 10 kilometres away.
Capacity training sessions for local residents in family health
issues and HIV/AIDS issues complements the aforementioned service.
The community's sense of ownership of the practice is demonstrated
by the willingness to voluntarily cut their wages during the period
that the hotel sector was experiencing hard times in Kenya.
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Reinsertion program in farming environment for the Homeless,
Madagascar
Madagascar, with a population of 16 million people, is a least
developed Island State located in the Indian Ocean. Economic and
social crises have affected the country since 1970, increasing overall
poverty levels. Hoping for a better life, peasants migrated to the
capital city, Antananarivo but many have joined the homeless. In
2001, 10,000 people, including 6,000 children, were living in the
streets of Antananarivo. They live off alms and have no access to
basic sanitation facilities or medical care, and feed from dumpsters.
In response to this pressing social issue the Franciscan family
created ASA in June 1991 under the aegis of CIFM, the Inter-Franciscan
Order of Madagascar. A.S.A.'s main objective is to reintegrate whole
families in farming environment after a series of intense two-year
agricultural studies. Their new land is located 200 km west of Antananarivo
- in the Maroharona district, in the Mid West of Madagascar - a
property covering 15,000 hectare that the Malagasy government has
given to the association. The association went a step further to
secure the land title for this land and now holds it in trust for
the eventual beneficiaries.
The main strategy involves a re-integration program to rebuild
lives and provide for basic necessities. The progressive re-integration
program lasts 3 years. During the first year, the homeless are retrained
on societal rules and norms by social workers while at the same
time having their papers regularized through registration by the
government. The second year, agricultural extension officers train
them on productive farming practices on demonstration farms. The
3rd year is the final reintegration stage in mid-west Madagascar.
Each family builds a new home on the 5 ha piece of land that they
cultivate using agricultural equipment lent and/or donated by the
association. Communal wells and a dam were dug to provide water
for domestic and agricultural use. ASA tries to motivate and integrate
20 families each year. Initial contact with the homeless is established
through social workers deployed to identify potential beneficiaries.
The association has invested in quality monitoring where professionals
undertake follow-up activities at household level for 3 years. ASA
has recruited staff who are involved in development and humanitarian
projects. A production center, staffed by 34 single mothers, contributes
to almost 15% of the project costs. Social workers, all women, provide
basic, civic, communication and familial education. A health center,
staffed by a qualified physician, attends to beneficiaries and neighbours
while an ASA sponsored elementary school ran by qualified teachers
caters for all the children.
The initiative is a partnership between the Franciscan family,
the Central and Municipal governments and the homeless formerly
or presently living on the streets of Antananarivo. Since ASA was
formed, 100 families have been re-integrated in 7 villages and given
plots. The initiative targets women and girls and health issues
are incorporated into the process. Cost recovery is routinely practised
with financial support provided and sustained by both national and
international organizations.
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Sand Dams of Kitui: Providing Potable & Production Water
in Semi-Arid Lands of Kitui District, Kenya
Kitui district, with a population of 575,512 and per capita income
of US$26, has agriculture as the main economic activity. The district
is repeatedly hit by draught as it lacks water mainly due to the
lack of retention of the water in the catchment areas, as 80% of
the received precipitation is lost as surface run-off. As a result,
water resources are few and far apart in dry periods and people
walk up to twenty kilometers to get water. The district suffers
from food insecurity and has been a net importer of food.
The sand dam programme, undertaken by Sahelian
Solutions Foundation Kenya (SASOL) aimed at increasing the availability
of water by reducing the distance to water sources and avail adequate
water for domestic and productive use within two kilometers of every
household; and the amount of water in the catchment to diversify
the economic activities of the community and impact on the environment
by building of sand dams in a series in a catchment’s drainage channels
for synergistic effects.
SASOL works with local communities towards the
alleviation of the persistent water problem by organizing and informing
the community members about sand dams and their role in the construction.
The community identifies sites and decides on the total number of
sites it is capable of developing depending on availability of enough
stones, sand and water. The site committee plans for activities
at the site, supervises and monitors the work in progress; maintains
site records, mobilizes the required local resources, stores and
protects resources obtained externally, maintains technical staff
assigned; and assures compliance of rules and regulations developed
by the community.
The development of sand dams and water holding
structures, terraces and contour bunds on the land, has increased
productive shallow wells from 2 to 39 to date. In total 376 sand
dam sites have been developed in Kitui to date bringing water closer
to households serving up to 200,000 inhabitants. The time saving
on water chores for these inhabitants has been reduced from 5-10
hrs to ½ - 1 hr in these areas as indicated by the community in
Tungutu during their project impact assessment. This has boosted
food security and economic activities have sprung up, such as bee
keeping, brick making and growing of vegetables and trees. This
has improved the people’s livelihoods. Women and children are the
principle beneficiaries in this development as they usually bear
the burden of water chores.
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Human development in Communities at Aurá,
Belem, Brazil
The city of Belem is the capital of Para state
and has a population of 1.2 million. The main objective of the two
initiatives was to integrate publics policies related to the remediation
of the environment, social inclusion of waste recyclers and in particular
those that touch on youth development. The Aura landfill was characterised
by child-youth labour exploitation that were being exposed to abuses,
infectious and contagious diseases and dangerous effluents from
industrial, hospital, and domestic waste. The Tomorrow’s Seeds Project
is an inter-sectoral initiative by government which involves education,
health, social assistance, sanitary hygiene, environmental and cultural
policies and aims to prevent the exploitation of labour by child
and adolescents aged between 7 and 17 years. This group of socially
excluded youth and their parents were engaged in waste recycling
at the Aurá Landfill within Belém district. The initiative
works with a group of 500 children and adolescents. In addition
to forming and organizing the families of this target group, it
provides opportunities to create humane alternatives for their survival
and social inclusion.
This comprises a set of fundamental activities
in the precepts of environmental education and art education. The
initiative is backed by the Statute for Children and Adolescents’
Rights – ECA and the Organic Law of Social Assistance – LOAS. The
local government in partnership with UNICEF and local stakeholders
have taken the responsibility to eliminate child labour and expand
employment options and income generation for adults from these families.
The Tomorrows seed project is facilitated through training workshops,
monitoring of the target group in schools, professional education
courses for adolescents, and providing psychosocial assistance to
families. The municipality provides support to these families by
supporting the professional training and employment initiatives
for adults from the families.
With the implementation of joint activities organized
between the public authority and civil society on the issues of
social inclusion of families and their children who live off waste
scavenging and exposed to different risk situations, some advances
are already evident such as the creation of the Cooperative for
Recyclable Material Collection. The adult members of these families
have been mobilised to form groups to undertake meaningful work
at the landfill. Additionally, an association of producers of plants
and handicrafts by youths from the Águas Lindas and Aurá
communities – APPAJ, was formed that take part in the Plant Workshop
in the Tomorrow’s Seeds Project.
The cooperative, COOTPA, brought together scavengers
from the landfill into a formal organisation. This organisation
was charged with the sale of recycled materials from the waste.
Approximately 21,000 members have benefited from the initiative.
More specifically, 450 workers, 256 men and 194 women employed fulltime
in the recycling of materials. Results: 100% of child labour eradicated;
32% reduction in child malnutrition, 15% reduction in skin diseases,
80% reduction in stunted growth; establishment of the Aurá
professionals working cooperative and direct commercialization of
over 50% of the material collected; participation of environmental
wardens in national and international events; vocational training
of 123 workers in nine vocational courses; employment of 40 environmental
wardens in selective collection, generation and employment and income
for 22 families through family-scale agriculture; community organization
involving eighty leaders from the surrounding communities; establishment
of six environmental committees; vocational training of forty cooperative
members; and an expectation of a brightest future .
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First Nations Community Planning Project, Canada
Desperation, hopelessness, and corruption define
the bleak reality in many indigenous communities. Federal efforts
to compensate these communities for their historic loss of land
and natural resources have fostered dependence on federal funding
and localized corruption and inequalities resulting in high suicide
rates, alcohol and drug dependencies, and high unemployment. The
Joint Community Planning Committee (JCPC) aimed at addressing these
issues through empowerment, education and self-reliance of the indigenous
communities, which in turn led to the Federal Government responding
in a cooperative way to the more independent management of Indigenous
community affairs.
The main objectives of JCPC were to develop tools
and methods for capacity building, establish a collective direction,
and develop workable strategies to improve the quality of life for
these communities. The objectives were achieved through capacity
building and by promoting the idea of community planning among the
larger Aboriginal community. Collaborative and multilateral funding
was found through the redirection of existing funding from the partner
government agencies.
There have been significant changes in indigenous
communities and federal government agencies as a result of the initiative.
Seventeen people are currently using the Indigenous Community Planning
Model to create and implement community-based plans. Eighteen planning
trainees are employed by their band and are leading their own planning
initiatives. The trainees, band administrators, and community members
have been empowered through training in community-based planning
that emphasizes learning by doing. Their traditional connection
to the land has been reinforced through capacity building in environmentally
sustainable planning. Aboriginal communities across Canada are now
showing interest in planning. Subsequently, federal government agencies
are finding ways to redirect funding to community planning initiatives
across the country. They are also recognizing the need for internal
reorganizations in order to respond effectively to planning. In
addition, the project has attracted a majority of women both as
trainees and as members of Planning Work Groups. Seventy-eight percent
of the trainees have been women and approximately 65% of the Planning
Work Groups were women as well. There have been efforts to include
single mothers in the planning process, as they represent a large
proportion of the parenting population.
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